Tonga

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{{Infobox Country or territory|native_name = Pule'anga 'o Tonga|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Tonga|common_name = Tonga|image_flag = Flag of Tonga.svg|image_coat = Sila o Tonga - Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Tonga.svg|national_motto = "Ko e Otua mo Tonga ko hoku tofia""God and Tonga are my Inheritance"|image_map = LocationTonga.png|national_anthem = Ko e fasi 'o e tu'i 'o e 'Otu Tonga|official_languages = Tongan language, English language|demonym = Tongan|capital = Nukuʻalofa|leader_title1 = [List of monarchs of Tonga|leader_name1 = George Tupou V|leader_name2 = Dr. [Feleti Sevele-->|area_rank = 186th|area_magnitude = 1 E12|percent_water = 4|population_estimate = 102,000|population_estimate_year = July 2005|population_estimate_rank = 194th|population_census =|population_census_year =|population_density_km2 = 153|population_density_sq_mi = 396 |GDP_PPP_rank = 167th|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $7,984|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 76th|HDI_year = 2004|HDI = 0.815|HDI_rank = 55th|HDI_category = high|sovereignty_type = Independence|established_event1 = from United Kingdom protectorate [1970|currency_code = TOP|time_zone =|utc_offset = +13|time_zone_DST =|utc_offset_DST = +13|cctld = [.to for "south") is an independent [archipelago in the southern Pacific Ocean. It lies about a third of the way between New Zealand and Hawaii, south of Samoa and east of Fiji.The islands are also known as the Friendly Islands, the name given by Captain Cook because of the friendly reception he received. He happened to arrive at the time of inasi festival, the yearly donation of the first fruits to the Tu'i Tonga and was invited to the festivities. According to the writer William Mariner (writer), in reality the chiefs had wanted to kill Cook during the gathering, but had been unable to agree on a plan.

Tonga is the only monarchy among the island nations in the Pacific Ocean.Tonga's former king, Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, was once the heaviest monarch in the world, weighing in at over 200 kg (440 pounds) in his prime.

History Archaeological evidence shows that the first settlers in Tonga sailed from the Santa Cruz Islands, as part of the original Austronesian languages-speakers' (Lapita) migration which originated out of S.E. Asia some 6,000 years ago. Archaeological dating places Tonga as the oldest known site in Polynesia for the distinctive Lapita ceramic ware, at 2,800–2,750 years ago. The "Lapita" people lived and sailed, traded, warred, and intermarried in the islands now known as Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji for 1,000 years, before more explorers set off to the east to discover the Marquesas, Tahiti, and eventually the rest of the Pacific Ocean islands. For this reason, Tonga, Samoa and Fiji are described by anthropologists as the cradle of Polynesian culture and civilization.

By the 12th century, Tongans, and the Tongan paramount chief, the Tu'i Tonga, were known across the Pacific, from Niue to Tikopia, sparking some historians to refer to a 'Tu'i Tonga Empire'. A network of interacting navigators, chiefs, and adventurers might be a better term although the empire did have its own dynasties. In the 15th century and again in the 17th, civil war erupted. It was in this context that the first Europeans arrived, beginning with Netherlands explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire in 1616, who called on the northern island of Niuatoputapu, and Abel Tasman, who visited Tongatapu and Ha'apai in 1643. Later noteworthy European visits were by Captain Cook in 1773, 1774, and 1777, the first London missionaries in 1797, and the Methodism Walter Lawry Buller in 1822.

Tonga was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845 by the ambitious young warrior, strategist, and orator Taufa'ahau. He held the chiefly title of Tu'i Kanokupolu, but was baptised with the name King George. In 1875, with the help of missionary Shirley Baker, he declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy, formally adopted the western royal style, emancipated the 'serfs', enshrined a code of law, land tenure, and freedom of the press, and limited the power of the chiefs.

Tonga became a British protected state under a Treaty of Friendship on 18 May, 1900, when European settlers and rival Tongan chiefs tried to oust the second king. Within the British Empire, which posted no higher permanent representative on Tonga than a British Consul (representative) (1901-1970), it was part of the British Western Pacific Territories (under a colonial High Commissioner, then residing on Fiji) from 1901 until 1952.

The Treaty of Friendship and Tonga's protectorate status ended in 1970 under arrangements established prior to her death by Queen Salote Tupou III. Tonga joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970 (atypically as an autochthonous monarchy, that is one with its own hereditary monarch rather than Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom), and the United Nations in September 1999. While exposed to colonial forces, Tonga has never lost Indigenous peoples of Oceania governance, a fact that makes Tonga unique in the Pacific and gives Tongans much pride, as well as confidence in their monarchical system. As part of cost cutting measures across the British Foreign Service, the British Government closed the British High Commission in Nukualofa in March 2006, transferring representation of British interests in Tonga to the UK High Commissioner in Fiji. The last resident British High Commissioner was His Excellency Mr. Paul Nessling. The sun finally sets on our men in paradise, published on The Daily Telegraph, 21 March 2005..

Geography

Administrative divisions Tonga is divided into five divisions: Eua (Tonga), Ha'apai, Niuas, Tongatapu and Vava'u. The divisions are further divided into 23 districts. Statoids.com, Tonga

Politics Tonga is a constitutional monarchy. The reverence for the monarch is likened to that held in earlier centuries for the sacred paramount chief, the Tui Tonga. Criticism of the monarch is held to be contrary to Tongan culture and etiquette. A direct descendant of the first monarch, King George Tupou V, his family, some powerful nobles, and a growing non-royal elite caste live in much wealth, with the rest of the country living in relative poverty. The effects of this disparity are mitigated by three factors: education, medicine, and land tenure.

Tonga's education system is free and mandatory for all children up to the age of fourteen, with only nominal fees for secondary education, and foreign-funded scholarships for post-secondary education. Tongans are well-educated, with a 98% literacy rate, and higher education up to and including medical and graduate degrees. It is sometimes said that per capita of the population, Tonga has more PhDs than any other country in the world Islands Business, vol. 32, no. 10, October 2006, p. 10. Tongans also have universal access to a socialized medicine system. Tongan land is constitutionally protected and cannot be sold to foreigners (although it may be leased). While there is a land shortage on the urbanized main island of Tongatapu (where 70% of the population resides), there is farm land available in the outlying islands. The majority of the population engages in some form of subsistence production of food, with approximately half producing almost all of their basic food needs through farming, sea harvesting, and animal husbandry. Women and men have equal access to education and health care, and are fairly equal in employment, but women are discriminated against in land holding, electoral politics, and government ministries.

There is a pro-democracy movement in Tonga, which emphasizes reforms including better representation in the Parliament for the majority commoners, and better accountability in matters of state. An overthrow of the monarchy itself is not part of the movement and the institution of monarchy continues to hold popular support, even while reforms are advocated. Until recently, the governance issue was generally ignored by the leaders of other countries, but major aid donors and neighbours New Zealand and Australia are now expressing concerns about some Tongan government actions.

Following the precedents of Queen Sālote, and with numerous international advisors, the government of Tonga under King Tāufaāhau Tupou IV has monetized the economy, internationalized the medical and education system, and enabled access by commoners to increasing forms of material wealth (houses, cars, and other commodities), education, and overseas travel. The government has supported Olympic and other international sports competition, and contributed Peacekeepers to the United Nations (notably to Bougainville Province and the Solomon Islands). The Tongan government also supported the American 'coalition of the willing' action in Iraq, and a small number of Tongan soldiers were deployed, as part of an American force, to Iraq in late 2004. However, the contingent of 40+ troops returned home on 17 December 2004. Iraq Coalition Troops, published on GlobalSecurity, 18 August 2005

The previous king, Tāufaāhau and his government have made some problematic economic decisions and are accused of wasting millions of dollars in poor investments.http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/10/tonga.king.ap/index.html The problems have mostly been driven by attempts to increase national revenue through a variety of schemes, including searching for oil (despite geological reports indicating no possible oil);http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Tonga/History considering making Tonga a nuclear waste disposal site (an idea floated in the mid-90s by the current crown prince);http://www.michaelfield.org/tonga3.htm selling Tongan Protected Persons Passports (which eventually forced Tonga to nationalize the purchasers, sparking ethnicity-based concerns within Tonga);http://www.frommers.com/destinations/tonga/3039020044.html registering foreign ships (which proved to be engaged in illegal activities, including shipments for al-Qaeda);http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/13/1041990234408.html claiming geo-orbital satellite slots (the revenue from which seems to belong to the Princess Royal, not the state);http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:-nmukEsfmNEJ:aupress.au.af.mil/fairchild_papers/Worden_Shaw/worden_shaw.pdf+tonga+satellites+%22geo+orbital+%22&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=21 holding a long-term charter on an unusable Boeing 757 that was sidelined in Auckland Airport, leading to the collapse of Royal Tongan Airlines; building an airport hotel and potential casino with an Interpol-accused criminal; and approving a factory for exporting cigarettes to China (against the advice of Tongan medical officials, and decades of health promotion messaging).http://www.tobacco.org/articles/country/tonga/ The king has proved vulnerable to speculators with big promises and lost several million (reportedly 26 million USD) to Jesse Bogdonoff, a financial adviser who called himself the king's jester.http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/10/tonga.king.ap/index.html The police have imprisoned pro-democracy leaders, and the government repeatedly confiscated the newspaper The Tongan Times (which was printed in New Zealand and sold in Tonga) because the editor had been vocally critical of the king's mistakes.http://www.asiapac.org.fj/PJR/issues/next/962tongan.html Notably, the Kelea, produced specifically to critique the government and printed in Tonga by pro-democracy leader Akilisi Pōhiva, was not banned during that time. Pōhiva, however, had been subjected to harassment in the form of barratry.http://166.122.164.43/archive/2002/July/07-31-21.htm

In mid-2003, the government passed a radical constitutional amendment to "Tonganize" the press, by licensing and limiting freedom of the press, so as to protect the image of the monarchy. The amendment was defended by the government and by royalists on the basis of traditional cultural values. Licensure criteria include 80% ownership by Tongans living in the country. As of February 2004, those papers denied licenses under the new act included the Taimi o Tonga (Tongan Times), the Kelea and the Matangi Tonga, while those which were permitted licenses were uniformly church-based or pro-government. The bill was opposed in the form of a several-thousand-strong protest march in the capital, a call by the Tui Pelehake (a prince, nephew of the king and elected member of parliament) for Australia and other nations to pressure the Tongan government to democratize the electoral system, and a legal writ calling for a judicial investigation of the bill. The latter was supported by some 160 signatories, including seven of the nine elected "People's Representatives". The strong-arm tactics and gaffes have overshadowed the good that the aged king had done in his lifetime, as well as the many beneficial reforms of his son, Ahoeitu Unuakiotonga Tukuaho (Lavaka Ata Ulukālala), who was Prime Minister from 3 January 2000 to 11 February 2006. The former Crown Prince and current monarch, Tupoutoa, and Pilolevu, the Princess Royal, remained generally silent on the issue. In total, the changes threatened to destabilize the polity, fraction support for the status quo, and place further pressure on the monarchy.

In 2005 the government spent several weeks negotiating with striking civil service workers before reaching a settlement. The civil unrest that ensued was not limited to just Tonga; protests outside the king's New Zealand residence made headlines, too. A constitutional commission is currently (2005-06) studying proposals to update the constitution. No resolution in sight in Tonga, published on TVNZ, 30 August 2005

Prime Minister Prince 'Aho'eitu 'Unuaki'otonga Tuku'aho resigned suddenly on 11 February 2006, and also gave up his other cabinet portfolios. He was replaced in the interim by the elected Minister of Labour, Dr Feleti Sevele.

The co-chairman of the constitutional reform commission His Royal Highness Tu'ipelehake ('Uluvalu) (Prince Tuipelehake), 55, who was a nephew of the King, and his wife, Kaimana Aleamotua, 45, were killed by an 18-year old female teenager driving a Ford Mustang as she was racing in a California freeway near Menlo Park about 30 miles south of San Francisco, California, on 5 July 2006. The teenager was reported to have been travelling around 100mph upon hitting the red Ford Explorer carrying the two and also instantly killing the driver of the Explorer. The teenager was not hurt in the accident..

The Tongan government formally announced on Monday, 11 September 2006 that King Tupou IV died late Sunday night in Mercy Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand, where he had been receiving treatment for much of the past year. He was 88 and had reigned for 41 years. The king's death as reported on Fijian TV

He was succeeded by his eldest son, Tupoutoa, now ruling under the title Siaosi Tupou V.

The public expected some changes under the new monarch. On 2006 Tonga riots in the capital city of Nuku'alofa when it seemed that the parliament would adjourn for the year without having made any advances in increasing democracy in government. Government buildings, offices, and shops were looted and burned. Riots

Kings and queens of modern Tonga Economy Tonga's economy is characterized by a large non monetary sector and a heavy dependence on remittances from the half of the country's population that lives abroad, chiefly in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. The monetary sector of the economy is dominated and largely owned by the royal family and nobles. This is particularly true of the telecommunications and satellite services. Much of small business, particularly retail establishments on Tongatapu, is now dominated by recent overseas Chinese immigrants who arrived under a cash-for-passports scheme that ended in 1998.

The manufacturing sector consists of cottage industry and a few other very smallscale industries, all of which contribute only about 3% of GDP. Commercial business activities also are inconspicuous and, to a large extent, are dominated by the same large trading companies found throughout the South Pacific. In September 1974, the country's first commercial trading bank, the Bank of Tonga, opened.

Rural Tongans rely on plantation and subsistence agriculture. Coconuts, vanilla beans, and bananas are the major cash crops. The processing of coconuts into copra and desiccation (dried) coconut is the only significant industry. Pigs and poultry are the major types of livestock. Horses are kept for draft purposes, primarily by farmers working their api (a plot of bushland). More cattle are being raised, and beef imports are declining.

Tonga's development plans emphasize a growing private sector, upgrading agricultural productivity, revitalizing the squash and vanilla bean industries, developing tourism, and improving the island's communications and transportation systems. Substantial progress has been made, but much work remains to be done. A small but growing construction sector is developing in response to the inflow of aid monies and remittances from Tongans abroad. The copra industry is plagued by world prices that have been depressed for years.

Efforts are being made to discover ways to diversify. One hope is seen in fishery; tests have shown that sufficient skipjack tuna pass through Tongan waters to support a fishing industry. Another potential development activity is exploitation of forests, which cover 35% of the kingdom's land area but are decreasing as land is cleared. Coconut trees past their prime bearing years also provide a potential source of timber.

The tourist industry is relatively undeveloped; however, the government recognizes that tourism can play a major role in economic development, and efforts are being made to increase this source of revenue. Cruise ships often stop in Nukualofa and Vavau.

Vava'u in fact is well known for its whale watching, game fishing, surfing, beaches and the like and is increasingly becoming a major player in the South Pacific tourism market.

Real estate companies have also just started to spring up in Tonga; as such, they were basically unheard of less then a decade ago. These have provided a way of making income for many Tongans as nearly every male Tongan has plots of land that he has never seen and the leasing of this valuable and attractive land allows the Tongan to live in a comfort not experienced before. There are also many Tongans who work as commission agents and earn a living by finding available land parcels and bringing them to local ex-pats or computer savy Tongans to list on-line. Some of these so-called real estate companies have done more harm then good and one would be wise to be careful when dealing with them, however for the most part acquiring real estate in Tonga is a simple, straight forward and hassle free process.

In 2005 the country became eligible to become a member of the World Trade Organization, however on 25 July 2006 it was announced that Tonga has deferred its membership of the WTO until July next year according to the Tongan Prime Minister, Dr Feleti Sevele.

The delay he said did not mean that Tonga was withdrawing its WTO membership application, but to give Tonga more time to improve its tariff system.

Demographics Almost two-thirds of the 112,422 inhabitants of the Kingdom of Tonga live on its main island, Tongatapu. Although an increasing number of Tongans have moved into the only urban and commercial centre, Nukualofa, where European and indigenous cultural and living patterns have blended, village life and kinship ties continue to be important throughout the country. Everyday life is heavily influenced by Polynesian traditions and especially by the Christian faith; for example, all commerce and entertainment activities cease from midnight Saturday until midnight Sunday, and the constitution declares the Sabbath to be sacred, forever. The majority of Tongans are Methodists (cf. Ernst, Manfred/ Winds of Change. Suva: PCC, 1994, p. 146) with a Roman Catholic Church in Tonga. By their own church statistics, Mormons claim 32 percent of the population, thereby substantiating their claim that Tonga is the most Mormon nation in the world.O'Hehir, Andrew. "The Mormons are coming." Salon, Sept. 20, 2007 Cumorah Project International LDS Database

Tongans, Polynesian by ethnicity with a very small mixture of Melanesian, represent more than 98% of the inhabitants. The rest are European ethnic groups, mixed European, and other Pacific Islanders. There also are several hundred Overseas Chinese.

Primary education between ages 6 and 14 is compulsory and free in state schools. Mission schools provide about 8% of the primary and 90% of the secondary level of education. State schools make up for the rest. Higher education includes teacher training, nursing and medical training, a small private university, a women's business college, and a number of private agricultural schools. Most higher education is pursued overseas.

The Tongan language is the official language of the islands, along with English language. Tongan is an Austronesian language which is closely related to Wallisian (Fakauvea), Niuean language and other Polynesian languages such as Hawaiian language and Samoan language.

Culture and diaspora The Tongan archipelago has been inhabited for perhaps 3,000 years, since settlement in late Lapita times. The culture of its inhabitants has surely changed greatly over this long time period. Before the arrival of European explorers in the late 1600s and early 1700s, the Tongans were in frequent contact with their nearest Oceanic neighbors, Fiji and Samoa. In the 1800s, with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed dramatically. Some old beliefs and habits were thrown away, and others adopted. Some accommodations made in the 1800s and early 1900s are now being challenged by changing Western civilization. Hence Tongan culture is far from a unified or monolithic affair, and Tongans themselves may differ strongly as to what it is "Tongan" to do, or not do.

Contemporary Tongans often have strong ties to overseas lands. Many Tongans have emigrated to Australia, New Zealand, and the United States to seek employment and a higher standard of living. U.S. cities with significant Tongan American populations include San Mateo, California; East Palo Alto, California; Oakland, California; Los Angeles, California; Salt Lake City, Utah; Honolulu, Hawaii; and Euless, Texas (in the Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex). Large Tongan communities can also be found in Auckland, New Zealand and in Sydney, Australia. This Tongan diaspora is still closely tied to relatives at home, and a significant portion of Tonga's income derives from remittances to family members (often aged) who prefer to remain in Tonga.

Tongans, therefore, often have to operate in two different contexts, which they often call anga fakatonga, the traditional Tongan way, and anga fakapãlangi, the Western way. A culturally adept Tongan learns both sets of rules and when to switch between them.

Sport Rugby union is the national sport in Tonga, and the Tonga national rugby union team (Ikale Tahi or Sea Eagles) has performed quite well on the international stage. Although the national team has not performed as well as neighboring Samoa and Fiji, Tonga has competed at four Rugby World Cups, the first being in 1987 Rugby World Cup, and the ongoing 2007 Rugby World Cup is its most successful to date, with Tonga winning both of its first two matches, against the United States national rugby union team 25-15 and Samoa national rugby union team 19-15 and came very close to upsetting the South African Springboks, losing 30-25 in the end.

Its best result prior to 2007 was in 1995 Rugby World Cup when they won one game beating Ivory Coast 29-11, and 1999 Rugby World Cup when they won one game beating Italy 28-25 (although they also lost heavily to England in 1999, 10-101). Tonga performs the 'Sipi Tau' (war dance) before its matches. Tonga used to compete in the Pacific Tri-Nations against Samoa and Fiji which has now been replaced by the Pacific Nations Cup involving Japan as well as the second string All Blacks (Junior All Blacks) and Wallabies (Australia A). At club level, there are the Datec Cup Provincial Championship and the Pacific Rugby Cup. Rugby union is governed by the Tonga Rugby Football Union, which is also a member of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance. Tonga contributes to the Pacific Islanders rugby union team. Jonah Lomu, Viliami Ofahengaue and George Smith (rugby player) are all of Tongan descent. Rugby is popular in the nation's schools and students from schools such as Tupou College are regularly offered scholarships from New Zealand, Australia and Japan. It should be added, however, that many players of Tongan descent also make it big in the Australian National Rugby League competition. These include Willy Mason, Brent Kite, Willy Tonga, Anthony Tupou, Antonio Kaufusi, Israel Folau, to name but a few.

Boxing Paea Wolfgram won the silver medal in the Super Heavyweight division (> 91kg) at the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympics, the first and only Pacific islander to date to ever win a medal at the Olympics.

Recent Developments In July 2006, two members of the Tongan Royal Family, Prince Tu'ipelehake and his wife, were killed along with their driver in San Francisco, when their car was hit by a driver participating in a street race. The driver was convicted of three counts of misdemeanor vehicular manslaughter in June and sentenced on August 24 2007, to two years in county jail for her participation in the deaths of the prince, princess, and their driver.

Miscellany

On either his 1773 or 1777 visit, Captain Cook presented a tortoise to the king. This tortoise, known thereafter as Tui Malila, lived to be either 188 or 192 years old. It is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest animal (kingdom Animalia) on record.
The late king of Tonga (Tupou IV) had for some time been listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the heaviest monarch in the world.
Tonga is famous as the location where Fletcher Christian forced William Bligh into an open boat during the mutiny on HMS Bounty (1789). Bligh briefly went ashore at Tofua, which was then heavily populated, in search of water. The Tongans fought Bligh and killed a member of his crew, forcing Bligh back out into the open ocean. Bligh and his small crew eventually made their way to the Dutch East Indies, setting a record for the longest voyage in an open boat (3618 nautical miles / 6701 km).
In 1972, the military of Tonga took over the territory of the micronation Republic of Minerva, which had created an artificial island on the Minerva reefs. Tonga's claim has since been disputed by neighboring Fiji, as well as by a group claiming to be the "government in exile" of the Principality of Minerva.
In Wil McCarthy's The Queendom of Sol, a series of science fiction novels, the Queen of Sol is said to be a descendant of the Tongan royal family.
The Walt Disney film The Other Side of Heaven, is based on the real life story of a young (Mormon) missionary in Tonga, though the film was shot on location in the Cook Islands.
Jonah, a character on the Australian mockumentary Summer Heights High (created by Chris Lilley) is of Tongan heritage.
The members of the R&B/dance group The Jets, which scored a number of US hits in the 1980s, are originally from Tonga. They are all children of Maikeli and Vaké Wolfgramm who both migrated to the United States in the late 1960's.

See also {{columns|col1width=230px|col1 =

Tu'i Tonga Empire
Kava culture
Tupenu
Culture of Tonga
William Mariner (writer), who wrote accounts of pre-Christian Tonga.

|col2width=220px|col2 =

Music of Tonga
Communications in Tonga
Foreign relations of Tonga
Tonga Defence Services
Transportation in Tonga

|col3width=250px|col3 =

Tonga branch of The Scout Association
Tongan creation myth
Tongan economy prehistory
2006 Tonga riots

-->

==References==

External links

Official Tongan Government Portal
Ministry of Finance, Kingdom of Tonga
National Reserve Bank of Tonga, Kingdom of Tonga
Ministry of Lands, Survey and Natural Resources, Kingdom of Tonga
CIA World Factbook: Tonga
The Kingdom of Tonga PhotoBank
Interactive maps of Tonga
Map of Tonga
A Postcard Tour of Tonga
Matangi Tonga news from Tonga
Open Directory Project - Tonga directory category
photographs from Tonga
Tonga Legislation

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